JOURNAL OF SOCIAL, HUMANITIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES (JOSHAS), Year 2023 Issue 69

A Research on the Effect of Semiotics in Landscape Architecture Designs (Hyde Park Example)

Ümit Akar Yahya Bulut — 2024-08-29

It seems that from the very beginning, human civilizations approached structures as a communication network or a semantic tool, in addition to the act of sheltering. This act can be thought of as a means of culture or a message, a show of force, or a dialogue with the gods. In the postmodern period, the development of theoretical theories and the applicability of this idea in practical areas is the focus of discussions. The concept of semiotics and its use in designs is one of these considerations. The term semiotics treats an object as a text and reveals the denotation and connotations it contains. In this direction, designs are an important factor in conveying different meanings beyond just a building or structure. Therefore, the designer reveals different meanings beyond the structure, such as religious and mystical, historical or socio-cultural values. In this study, Hyde Park, which was designed with semiotic concepts, was discussed and the evaluation of symbols and symbols as a design concept was discussed. In addition, a methodology has been developed for the analysis of such structures within the framework of semiotic theory. As a result, semiotics being an important factor in landscape design and considering it as a design method has been examined.

Examining The Parks ın Rize City Coastal Filling Areas ın Terms of Activity Opportunities and Quality Indicators

Elif ŞatıroğluPervin Yeşil — 2024-08-29

Coastal recreational areas are the most visited and essential places in coastal cities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of three parks planned on coastal reclamation sites in the city of Rize. To achieve this, a field analysis was conducted to reveal the current state of these areas. In the second stage, we evaluated all the parks in terms of the adequacy of the quality indicators compiled from the literature, and finally, we determined the possibilities for activities. The evaluation shows that the parks generally have different activity opportunities and provide adequate and sufficient conditions in terms of quality indicators. Batıpark was found to be the most adequate park in terms of quality indicators.

Metaphors in the Learning Process: Analysing the Concepts of Innovation and Research and Development (R&D)

Asiye Yüksel — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study based on semi-structured interviews is to reveal the perceptions of students by asking them to use metaphors to describe the concepts of "research and development" and "innovation" within the scope of the “R&D and Project Management” lessons. The metaphor analysis applied in this study is promising and is expected to contribute to professionals interested in metaphors in education. In this study, the metaphor extraction method was used. The data obtained from the study were evaluated by qualitative (content analysis) analysis. The research study group consisted of 51 students who chose the R&D and Project Management course at Kocaeli University in the 2022-2023 academic year. The forms containing metaphor sentences were carried out in two studies, at the beginning and at the end of the semester. The questions were sent to a group of students by hand and to a group of students electronically. In the study, the students were asked "Innovation is like ....... Because.....", and "Research and Development are like....... Because…..." were determined and these metaphors were thematised by categorising their common features. The answers received from the students were categorised by content analysis. As a result of the two studies, the different metaphors created by the students for the concepts of innovation research and development and the changes in metaphors were categorised. In this category, there were 44 metaphors in 100 forms in the first study and 25 metaphors in 100 forms in the second study. All of the metaphors created are positive. These metaphors provide positive indicators of students' perspectives on innovation and R&D concepts. The results of the first and second studies also reveal the outcomes of the teaching method of the lesson. This article provides theoretical contributions to the concept of innovation with the metaphor method. The similes from the study are added to the curriculum and contribute to the development of the course. It contributes to the academics to analyze the inputs and outputs of the course well.

Eco-Spirituality and Healing in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston

Arzu Yetim Berrin Demir — 2024-08-29

Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is considered a masterpiece of African-American literature and is praised for its depiction of self-fulfillment and black womanhood. It explores themes of race, gender, identity, and love, and presents a complex portrayal of the experiences of black women in the early 20th century. Rather than promoting traditional gender roles and white male dominance, the novel challenges and subverts these norms and differences as a basis for discrimination or prejudice. Janie Crawford, the main protagonist of the novel, defies conventional gender roles and expectations for women, in particular black women. Her rejection of conformity to conventions and her dedication to the quest for happiness make her a pioneering character in literature. This study aims to draw a triangle between nature, black womanhood and self-realization in the work of Hurston within black feminist ecological thought. Black women, historically, have been expected to shoulder the burdens of racism and sexism while often being marginalized or ignored by both the black and white communities. This lifestyle profoundly shapes individuals’ outlooks and their strategies for comprehending and managing life. Hurston skillfully employs natural imagery, including references to the mule, pear tree, blossoming, and horizon, to convey a dual message. On one hand, these images poignantly illustrate the dehumanizing and oppressive hardships endured by black women. On the other hand, they symbolize the hopes and aspirations essential for the pursuit of love and a fulfilling life with the help of natural healing.

Expert Views for the Equalıty of the Authorized Multiple Approaches of Makamsal Solfejes With the Piano

Sadık Özçelik Erşan Yürek — 2024-08-29

Purpose of the study; Accompanying the maqam-qualified solfege pieces with piano according to different polyphonic approaches and getting expert opinions on the subject. This research is a descriptive study based on the evaluation of the draft on the operability of a prepared working model within the framework of expert opinions. For the study, the mod Hüseyni, which is widely used in Turkish music, was chosen as an example; In accordance with the content of the "Turkish Music Polyphony" course, which is taught in the departments of music education, three piano accompaniment models have been prepared for the melody in Hüseyni mode in triple, quartet and mixed harmony systems (1 in each system). Polyphonic accompaniment models to the melodies prepared in the research were prepared with piano instruments in the Tampere system. The prepared accompaniment models were presented to the approval of 3 field experts from Hacettepe University, Gazi University and Ankara Music and Fine Arts University. Interviews were conducted with the experts and answers were received to the oral questions within the scope of the "Expert Opinion Form". According to the evaluations of the experts, it has been revealed that the accompaniment model based on the triple system harmony system is not suitable in this office, while the quadruple and mixed harmony system is more effective. As a result of the research; In music education, it has been suggested that our traditional music should be given as a polyphonic as a whole, that experiments should be made on different positions and sequences in music education, especially in the field of educational music composition, and that this study could be used as a source due to the lack of sufficient resources and practices in this field.

Some Examples of The Tree Cult In Malatya Center

Ayşe Levent — 2024-08-29

In history, the people of the region where we live had practiced some practices due to their beliefs. Although some of them have been abandoned today, some of them still remain. The tree cult, which is included in the Turkish belief system, also traditionally continues to exist. Even if Turks are involved in a religion other than their existing first beliefs, they can adapt their old beliefs to their new religions. Thus, the elements of the past faith are kept alive with their new religions without disappearing. Some of the examples of the tree cult in Malatya center became the subject of study. There is a decrease in tree visits in Malatya compared to thirty or forty years ago. In addition to the destruction of trees as a result of urbanization of the visiting areas, this is due to the weakening of the view of faith. Visiting trees outside the city, on the other hand, retain their characteristics due to the fact that their location is not needed. Written and oral sources belonging to the Malatya tree cult and the narratives of those during the visit were also included. It is noteworthy that those who come for the purpose of making a wish avoid expressing themselves. The density of the visitors of the tree cult is women and the children they bring. Men's beliefs in the cult of trees were observed less often than women's. Visitors emphasize that the places where their wishes are made have a religious identity, and therefore their wishes are begged here. The trees that are the purpose of visiting Malatya center include sycamore, juniper, mulberry, hawthorn, davin, oak species. There is a belief that there is a grave or a hermit where there are trees. Under the trees that came for the visit, he would beg with or without voice for whatever wish he intended. When you come to the trees for a visit, there are various things such as getting rid of boredom, prayer, healing, peace, fortune, wish, material, work, child wishes. The request is completed by tying the cloth to the branches or trunk of the tree accompanied by prayer. If his wish comes true, a vow is also given. Food was brought around the tree and eaten, as well as some foods were left in the field. Stones, water, soil in the visiting area were taken, rubbed into the body or taken away.

The Scarcity of Narratives by Narrators: Causes and Impact on Narrators and Narratives

Alaaddin Kiraz — 2024-08-29

This study sheds light on a crucial issue in biographical evaluation, which is the scarcity of narratives by narrators and its influence on the realm of Hadith and narrators. Employing an analytical and inductive methodology, the study delves into the reasons behind the limited narratives by narrators, drawing from specialized sources and scholarly references in Prophetic Hadith and the science of narrators. The study explores the definitions of "al-muql" (narrator with few narratives) and "al-mukthir" (narrator with numerous narratives) and examines the variations among the Companions in their abundance or scarcity of narrating Hadith. It elucidates the principal factors contributing to the abundance of narratives among certain Companions compared to others, along with the approach of the Rightly Guided Caliphs in handling Hadith narration and the reasons for the scarcity of their narratives. Two interpretations emerge from the study regarding the scarcity of narratives by a narrator: relative scarcity, indicating rarity compared to other narrators, and absolute scarcity, implying an overall rarity where the narrator may possess only a minimal number of narrations. The study reveals that the scarcity or abundance of narratives impacts the precision of narrators. Greater precision is often applied to narrators with fewer narratives unless they have been criticized by scholars. The study addresses queries about the impact of the scarcity of narratives on the acceptance of their narratives. It concludes that the scarcity of narratives does not significantly affect the authenticity of narratives attributed to the Companions. However, it plays a crucial role in evaluating non-Companion narrators and the authenticity of their narratives. A narrator with scarce narratives may still exhibit mastery in narration despite the scarcity, serving as evidence of their precision and trustworthiness. Alternatively, it may reveal weak precision and a lack of attention to detail. The scarcity of narratives bestows upon each narrator a distinct evaluation based on the evidence that signifies and defines it.

Investigation of the Effect of "I Can Succesed Preschools" Social Emotional Learning Program on Social Skills of Preschool Children

Zeynep Apaydın Demirci Müdriye Yıldız Bıçakçı — 2024-08-29

This research purpose to examine the effect of the "I Can Succesed Preschools" Social Emotional Learning Program on the social skills of preschool children. In the research, experimental research design, in which quantitative and qualitative research methods are used together, was used. The sample of the research consisted of 94 children selected by the purposeful sampling method among the preshool children. 47 of the children were determined as the experimental group and 47 as the control group. In the collection of research data, “General Information Form”, “Social Skills Development System” developed by Gresham and Elliott (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Tutkun and Dinçer (2019) were used. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a significant difference in the social skills of the children in the experimental group to whom the "I Can Succesed Preschools" Social Emotional Learning Program was applied (p<.05). In addition, it was observed that the effect of the program was preserved with the permanence test applied to the experimental group four weeks after the posttest (p>.05).

Digitalization in Public Administration and Digital Government Applications in Turkey

Murat Akçaöz Vildan Akçaöz — 2024-08-29

Today, technology and digitalization have entered all areas of our lives, and states have also taken their share from this change. Especially developed states have given importance to digitalization in order to renew themselves in public administration and to keep up with the requirements of our age, and they have realized that today's and future's administrative management style is going through digitalization in public administration. Digitization in the lives of citizens has forced states to digitalize because it is now very difficult to respond to the needs of citizens in traditional ways without taking digitization steps. In order to respond to the requests of its citizens more quickly, to keep up with the times and to minimize bureaucracy in Turkey, many areas of public administration have been digitized and many digital applications have been put into use. In this study, what the digital state is, the digital state applications used in Turkey, the benefits and limitations of these applications are tried to be explained. As a result, it has been concluded that Turkey has taken important steps in terms of digitalization, citizens have adopted and used these applications, but the number of these applications should increase and develop further over time.

Problems Encountered in School Management from the Perspective of Women Administrators

Hakan ÖzkanHasibe Demir Özkan ,Tarkan Altınok ,Yusuf Ozan Pısıl — 2024-08-29

Our article was prepared to determine the problems faced by female school administrators in school administration. Forty-two of the female school administrators working in Samsun province in the 2022-2023 academic year were selected by purposive sampling method. Through a semi-structured interview form, the problems faced by women administrators in school administration were identified. It was seen that the advantage of being able to be transferred to wherever they want more easily was effective in the preference of the female administrators participating in the research. In addition to this, the desire to be respected, the desire to rise in the position, finding the administration suitable for oneself and economic advantages were effective in women administrators' preference for administration. When the problems experienced by female school administrators are analyzed under two headings as problems experienced at school and problems experienced at home, it is seen that the problems experienced by women at home are more common (45.1%). The female administrators who stated that they did not experience problems were generally single, and those who were married said that their husbands shared the housework duties with them. Female administrators stated that the problems experienced at school were generally with subordinates, female teachers, and other school stakeholders such as drivers and mechanics.

In order to increase the number of women administrators, positive discrimination should be given to women administrators in appointments and women should be given priority up to a certain

Philosophy Education in Terms of Cognitive Developmental Stages

Zafer Gündüz Gökhan Kurt — 2024-08-29

Through education, the individual becomes a social being and adapts to society by learning the general rules and regulations of the society in which he or she was born. The phenomenon of education is also a philosophical problem area. Philosophy deals with this phenomenon under the sub-heading of philosophy of education as well as with the education of philosophy. Philosophy of education emphasizes the social aspect of education; it adopts a critical attitude towards its purpose, method, process and future, and deals with the dimension of a holistic approach to the human-society-nature-universe relationship in the educational process. Philosophy education, on the other hand, gives the historical and problematic conceptual processes of philosophy to the individual receiving education together with its discussions and paves the way for the development of a philosophical and critical thinking in the individual. In this context, it aims to exhibit a critical approach to the shaping of the educational process from the beginning to the present and future within the framework of the question "why?". In this framework, the relationship between education and philosophy is established and the importance of philosophy education is emphasized. In order for philosophy education to be successful in our country, the assumption that it should be associated with the developmental stages of the individual was taken into consideration, and an evaluation was tried to be made regarding the form, delivery style and temporality of philosophy education. It is understood that philosophy education in our country is given only at the advanced stage of individuals' developmental stages, i.e. in high school, and that it is short-term and the course content is prepared with a content that is far from the requirements of the day. In order to overcome these problems, it has been determined that philosophy education should be provided with a content based on critical thinking at different intensities and in accordance with the stages of development, starting from the early stages of childhood, increasing the course hours and providing a content that will include the requirements of today's age. As a result, it was concluded that discussions should be held on the temporality, form and style of philosophy education.

Examining the Use of Colors in Interior Design and Their Effects on Different Cultures

Elif Altın — 2024-08-29

Colors show their influence on people not only individually, but also in a cultural context. It is quite natural for colors to show differences between cultures, because each society creates its own unique culture and this culture assigns different meanings to colors. Culture is a phenomenon that develops and changes over the years, and each society develops a different culture in line with its own traditions, beliefs, values. Therefore, cultural elements such as language, religion, food, architecture, art, color and social norms can differ in each society. The cultural meanings of the colors are based primarily on religious beliefs. People's beliefs influence the meanings they attach to colors. However, at the root of these differences lies people's mental structures and ways of perceiving. This means that while one of them attaches a positive meaning to the same color tone of two different different cultures, the other has a negative approach. Thus, the cultural meanings of colors are closely related to the history, beliefs and lifestyle of a society. In this study, basic issues such as the history, origin and scientific explanations of colors are discussed. In addition to the effect of colors on space design, research on psychological effects and theories put forward by scientists were also mentioned. These issues have been emphasized in order to better understand the importance of colors in human life. In the design of the space, the effects of colors not only on emphasizing the environment, but also on the purpose of use of the space and the orientation of its users, perceptual approaches, and the meaning of the space with color were investigated. As an inference; It has been determined that color is a critical element that designers should use consciously for geographical location and space design. The choice of color plays a decisive role in the design and atmosphere of a space. This choice stands out as an important factor in determining the meaning and feeling that the designer wants to convey to the space. In which geography, what kind of space design will be made and with which consciousness colors will be used constitutes the key to the emotional and functional messages to be conveyed to the users of the space. Therefore, designers should choose colors carefully and use them in a way that is appropriate to the purpose, geographical context and cultural characteristics of the space. In this way, it is determined that it will be possible for the space to offer its users the desired experience and to accurately communicate the meaning.

Theories Related to Population and Educational Planning

2024-08-29

Education is an important social system both today and in the future. A well-educated and trained population is essential for the well-being of individuals and societies. The importance of education for individual development and the population has been strongly affirmed at major United Nations conferences and summits, including the International Conference on Population and Development. Since the founding of the United Nations, education has been recognized as a fundamental necessity for social development and human development. In the field of population studies, it has long been recognized that education has strong relationships with various demographic behaviors. With the spread of education, it appears to be of central importance in the long term in a demographic transformation in a society from high fertility levels to low fertility levels. In studies on determining the benefits of education, it is often stated that the externalities of education are neglected due to measurement difficulties. In this context, in studies on the externalities of education, issues related to the effects of education on population and health are given a special place and importance.

An Example Of Guerılla Marketıng Wıth a Rhetorıcal Approach in Graphıc Desıgn

Ekin Su Kuzu — 2024-08-29

Graphic design discipline, with its target audience-oriented structure; It aims to encourage the consumer / buyer / customer to buy - to attract attention to the brand through persuasion. In this context, society - individual - design relationship is progressing in graphic design; In addition, it is desired to strengthen purchasing with different preferences for marketing techniques and strategies. While creating their images, brands use social and psychological factors of design from the creation stage to the marketing stage. Guerrilla marketing, one of these trends, is preferred because brands are attractive to consumers and create a big impact with a low budget. Unlike traditional marketing methods, guerilla marketing aims to integrate into society and reach consumers with unexpected and creative techniques. Rhetorical philosophy is a concept that has come from ancient Greece to the present day and is effective in interaction between masses in a dialectical context and has a place in marketing strategies. Rhetoric manifests itself through visual and auditory techniques, primarily verbal, developed to influence and persuade people. Rhetoric can be summarized as the art of persuasion. Visual rhetoric involves using all kinds of techniques and methods to persuade people and strengthening this with metaphorical expressions. The research aims to consider examples of guerrilla marketing as a marketing method in a rhetorical context. Guerrilla marketing method contains rhetorical meanings and narratives. The research aims to present a unique topic to the literature by addressing the relationship of these two concepts. The data and analyzes to be revealed in the research are considered valuable as they will contribute to the literature.

Coverage of Unemployment Insurance in Turkey durıng The Covid-19 Pandemic and Recommendations on Expanding This Coverage

Serkan Değer Erhan Gülcan — 2024-08-29

As a virus defined as Covid-19 spread throughout the world and took the name of a pandemic, irreversible changes and new regulations have become mandatory in all areas. In addition to health systems, economic, social and cultural structures have changed. These structures have been tried to adapt to the pandemic process. While the pandemic continued, the most important issue was social security systems. Social security systems have provided a protection network against various social risks encountered during the pandemic process. Like countries that provide protection to their citizens during the pandemic, Turkey has provided social protection to its citizens with these networks it has created. One of the most important of these protection networks is the unemployment system. Unemployment insurance, for which legislation has been established in Turkey, and the unemployment insurance fund linked to this insurance have provided both financing and social protection during the pandemic process with various practices. Under the name of short-time working allowance provided by unemployment insurance, payments were provided to workers who could not continue their work during the pandemic period, could not go to work, could not open their workplaces, etc., for reasons that forced the continuity of work during the pandemic period. These payments were only valid for workers and workplaces covered by existing unemployment insurance. These payments were not provided for employees who were not covered, especially independent workers. However, expanding the scope of unemployment insurance in Turkey to both other employee groups and independent workers (tradesmen) will ensure that our social security system becomes more modern. In this sense, the study examined the process of enactment of the draft created under the name of Ahilik Fund. In addition, it proposes to expand the scope of existing unemployment insurance with the formation of the Ahilik Fund.

An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder

2024-08-29

Autism is often a 'hidden' disability and can be incredibly isolating if unsupported. The National Autism Society themselves state that “at least one in three autistic adults experience serious mental health problems due to lack of support.” However, 'traditional support' for individuals with autism can also include participation in sport, exercise and even the social interaction that comes with it. Encouraging individuals with autism to exercise may be the first step towards better personal well-being. The incidence of obesity in children and adults with autism or other developmental disabilities is increasing day by day. Obesity can manifest itself in many health-related situations. Incorporating any type of regular sporting activity can help greatly reduce the likelihood of developing obesity-related health problems. However, it is important to understand and appreciate why autistic children are more susceptible to weight-related problems.

Instrumental Role Of Relational Marketing in The Effect Of Logistics Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction: A Research in Tr63 Region

Zeliha ÇakıroğluHatice Seçil Fettahlıoğlu — 2024-08-29

Supply chain networks that become more complex with globalization affect the service offerings of logistics service providers and the service expectations of users. In this context, the importance of logistics service quality is increasing day by day for logistics service providers and logistics service customers. With globalization, another issue that cannot be ignored for companies has become relationship marketing and has become an obligation for customer satisfaction. Relationship marketing strategies are an advantage for providing logistics services on the basis of customer satisfaction. Logistics service quality and relationship marketing have recently become a matter of debate in both developing and developed countries. This has led to an increase in research on logistics service quality and relationship marketing. In line with the high foreign trade volume and regional development plans, the logistics sector is important in the TR63 region and needs to be researched and developed. The main purpose of this article is to determine the mediating role of relationship marketing in the impact of logistics service quality on customer satisfaction in the TR63 region, and the mediating role of logistics service quality in the impact of relationship marketing on customer satisfaction, in the context of a developing country. Quantitative methods were used in the research and the data collected within the scope of the research were analyzed through SPSS 28 package program and Process Macro program. The results of the analysis revealed that relationship marketing does not have a mediating role in the effect of logistics service quality on customer satisfaction and that logistics service quality does not have a mediating role in the effect of relationship marketing on customer satisfaction.

Examples of Aksak Usûl in Flute Teaching

Gülden Filiz Önal — 2024-08-29

This research has been prepared in order to determine the usability of the Works with aksak usûl in the Turkish music repertoire in the flüte teaching. The aim of the study is to create a repertoire for training the flute by making the folk songs and songs of the Turkish musical repertoire applicable in the vocational and Professional flute teaching. In this descriptive study, which is handled with qualitative research method, data were obtained through literatüre review and the data obtained were analyzed according to their suitability for the purpose of the study. The population of the study consists of the repertoire of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation and the works in different sources, and the sample consists of 6 pieces with aksak usûl that are determined to be suitable for flute teaching according to the results of the analysis. The selected Works were chosen from Turkish music. Turkish music includes Turkish art music and Turkish folk music. The works, adapted to the structural characteristics, techniques and sound system of the flute, were not ated using Professional notation programs. In the study, some in formation is given about the musical variables belonging to the recording in formation, usûl structure, maqam and sound ranges of the works. As a result, it was evaluated that it would be functional to benefit fromTurkish music repertoire in developing flute technique and acquiring behaviors for flute teaching.

Teachers' Opinions and Suggestions Regarding the Professional Study Period

2024-08-29

Qualified education is possible with teachers who have high competencies and who have adapted to the developing and changing level of knowledge. Considering that teaching is a dynamic profession, teachers should be provided with continuous training to adapt to this changing level of knowledge. Semi-structured interview forms were applied to 29 teachers working in Tekkeköy and Çarşamba districts of Samsun province regarding the professional study period, which has an important place in teachers' professional development. In our study, in which phenomenology method, a qualitative research method, was applied, the names of the teachers participating in the study were coded upon their request. It was observed that teachers generally found the professional study period useful, but they found these studies inefficient in terms of professional development. The reasons for inefficiency were that the trainings were repetitive, the trainings took too much time and these trainings were prepared without taking into account the needs of the teachers. Teachers who were satisfied with the professional study period, on the other hand, found it right that the seminars were given before the start of the academic year and that they took the seminars in their own schools with their colleagues.

In order for the professional study period to be more productive, teachers suggested that the trainings to be given throughout the year should be given during the professional study period, current teacher needs should be taken into consideration, and activities such as trips where teachers can spend time together should be held during the professional study period

Review on Neurophysiological Learning

Şeyhmus İyisoyluGülşah Aydın ,Kerem Çeri ,Abdulkadir Arca — 2024-08-29

Neurophysiological theory is a theory that focuses on how the nervous system and physiological processes affect behavior and mental processes. This theory investigates how brain activities are related to behavioral and mental processes. According to neurophysiological theory, brain activities and neural interactions directly affect people's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Neurophysiological learning theory is a theory that suggests that the learning process is based on the nervous system. According to this theory, learning is the process of establishing and strengthening connections between nerve cells. Neurophysiological learning theory is crucial to understanding the impact of learning on the nervous system. Thanks to this theory, the changes in the brain related to the learning process and how neural networks are shaped can be better understood. This helps to develop more effective methods in educational processes. This theory is a theory that investigates and explains the effects of learning on the nervous system. This theory, which focuses on the process of strengthening nerve cells and synaptic connections, forms the basis of the learning process.

Development Process of Farmers' Cooperatives and Cooperative Banks: The Example of the People's Republic of China

Hilal Paksoy — 2024-08-29

China's restructuring process in recent years has caused local finance and farmer cooperatives to enter the process of centralization from localization. The process of change, which started in the mid-1980s, changed its form with the "Specialized Farmer Cooperatives Law", which was put into effect in 2007 with the aim of encouraging cooperatives in rural areas. While the number of cooperatives was 26,400 as of 2007, the number of cooperatives reached 1,794,000 and the number of members reached 110 million households in 2016 (Zuhui, 2014). Rapidly developing farmer cooperatives in China primarily specialize in crops, livestock or agricultural services. With this specialization, a tendency has emerged towards vertical and horizontal integration and the unification of cooperatives in the form of federations in order to increase competitiveness in the market. As a result of this trend, while benefits such as allocating resources to more productive areas and gaining greater competitiveness in the market were achieved, some difficulties were also encountered such as the inability to improve internal management at the desired level and the need for professional staff in farmer cooperatives. Although steps have been taken to eliminate the shortage of qualified human resources with the professional management system put into practice, there is still no practical training system to ensure the sustainability of professional management. Current laws and policies cannot meet the need to develop farmer cooperatives. This is due to the fact that there are uncertainties in the relations between the federation and farmer cooperatives due to the unknown legal status of farmer cooperative federations. However, local informal and semi-formal cooperative organization forms continue to exist widely throughout the country. The study analyzes historical trends regarding the development of rural mutual credit cooperatives, informal rotating savings and loan associations, and specialized farmers' cooperatives, the transformation of urban credit cooperatives into commercial banks, the new cooperative movement legalizing rural mutual credit cooperatives, and the consolidation, centralization, and commercialization of cooperative financial institutions.

Health Planning in Ankara: The Example of the Central Hygiene Institution (1928-1936)

Serhat Soyşekerci — 2024-08-29

In the 1930s, Ankara's rapidly developing infrastructure, including public buildings, roads, streets, and housing, resembled a construction site. However, the capital's capitalists were not capable of pioneering social life and modernization on their own against their desire for modernization. It was the intellectuals and bureaucrats who remained to bear this burden. Among the modern structures of the new capital, the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance building was designed as a construction plan between 1926 and 1927 on the Atatürk Boulevard by Austrian architect Theodor Jost and German architect Carl Lörcher, with three additional floors on the basement. Architect Robert Oerley, who came to Turkey in 1928, worked in the Construction Office of the Ministry of Health and designed projects to be used in the service of the Ministry of Health between 1928 and 1933. Theodor Jost, on the other hand, planned the school building affiliated with Hıfzıssıhha (Hygiene) within the central building, framing it with a large courtyard and supporting three vertical masses symmetrically with horizontal arms. Above the entrance, there is a female figure symbolizing the goddess Hygieia, the daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius, in Greek mythology. Two additional E-shaped masses were placed on the basement of the building, with the basement and the first floor covered with rough stone and the upper floors with plaster. In the second stage, the roofs of the other two buildings of the institution and the nearby Professors' Lodge have triangular bay-windowed tiled sloping roofs. However, the slightly sloping roof covering the masses of the first building, except for the front extension, is hidden between slightly higher walls. The first phase of the construction consists of the Chemistry and Bacteriology buildings, and the second phase includes the Serum Building, School, Residential Apartment, and Stables. The most remarkable point here is the allocation of the highest amount of budget to the school. Although the Hygiene building reflects the "German school" in terms of architecture, the national journal publishing with the school confirms this fact. Chief editor Emil Gotschlich, after explaining the organizational structure and duties of Hıfzıssıhha in the first issue of the journal, expressed his goodwill towards the Rockefeller Foundation for its economic contribution, saying, "The assistance provided by the Rockefeller Institution is praiseworthy." Although seeking assistance from foreign experts in education, health, public works, and industry was not a troubling issue at that time, whether these works reflect the national cultural history continues to be a matter of concern today.